Study Guide For European History Or Global Studies Essay, Research Paper
study guide for European History or Global Studies
1. Petrarch.- Called the “Father of all Humanism.” Revered
Roman Cicero above all
others. Followed Cicero’s example of elequence and put
emphasis upon language such as
Latin and Greek.
2. Medici.- Wealthy banking family controlling Florence.
Had much influence in
government and influenced The Signoria, the ruling council
in Florence. Created a lasting
dynasty with children who had power.
3. Nepotism.- Keeping Position in the Church within the
family.
4. Peace of Ausburg.- Ended forty years of religous
struggle in Germany. Through the
treaty the emperor of Germany allowed the country to
establish the religion of theri
people. Protestant princes would govern Prtestant states,
Catholic princes Catholic states.
5. Bill of rights.- The English constitutional settlement
of 1689, confirming the deposition
of James II and the accession of William and Mary,
guaranteeing the Protestant
succession, and laying down the principles of parliamentary
supremacy.
6. Edict of Nantes.- An edict of 1598 signed by Henry IV of
France granting toleration to
Protestants and ending the French Wars of Religion. It was
revoked by Louis XIV in
1685.
7. Boccaccio.- Giovanni Boccaccio (1313 75), Italian
writer, poet, and humanist. He is
most famous for the Decameron (1348 58), a collection of a
hundred tales told by ten
young people who have moved to the country to escape the
Black Death.
8. Patronage.- Support given by members of Rennaisance
Society. Founding and
recognizing the arts.
9. Jesuits.- A member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman
Catholic order of priests founded
by St Ignatius Loyola, St Francis Xavier, and others in
1534, to do missionary work. The
order was zealous in opposing the Reformation. Despite
periodic persecution it has
retained an important influence in Catholic thought and
education.
10. Thomas More.- More, Thomas (1478-1535). One of the most
respected figures in
English history, Thomas More was a statesman, scholar, and
author. He was noted for his
wit and also for his devotion to his religion. More was
executed as a traitor for his refusal
to acknowledge King Henry VIII’s supremacy over the church.
The story of More’s life
and death became familiar to many through Robert Bolt’s
play, ‘A Man for All Seasons’,
first performed in 1960.
Utopia-greek word meaning,”no place”Plato wrote this
constitution tackling the ultimate
problem of politics,”How should the state be ordered?”His
answere was an image of a just
society, created by a philosopher-king and ruled by hand-
picked body guards.His ideal
state resembles the greek polis in size.Sir Thomas Moore
created a second Utopia, it was
a convincing social satire. his vision at a carefully
planned and permanently contended
society.
Frederick the Great-ruller of Prussia after father
(Frederick I)Frederick the Great had a
great love music, against his father’s will, he secretly
collected any books he could find on
the subject. When he became king, his love of music came
out in the open and he began
to entertain many people. Frederick’s military prowess
earned him his title, “the Great.”He
also forged an alliance w/the Prussian nobility,
interigation the minto a unified state. A
tightly organized control adminstration, which depended
upon the cooperation of the local
nobility directed both military and bureaucratic affairs.
At the center, Frederick worked
tirelessly to oversee his government.Frederick declared, “I
am the state.” “I am the 1st
servant of the state.” He codified the laws of Prussia,
abolished torture and capital
punishment, and instituted agricultural techniques imported
from the states of western
Europe. By the end of Frederick’s reign, Prussia had
become a model for bureaucratic
organization, military reform, and enlightened rule.
Primogeniture-inheritance by eldest son
Adam Smith-he was a Scottish political theorist whose
work,”The Wealth of Nations,”was
the 1st great work of economic analysis in European
history. Smith had wide-ranging
interests and wrote with equal authority about
manufacturing, population, and trade. He
was the 1st to develop the doctrine of free trade, which he
called “laissez-faire.” Smith
argued that the government that governed least governed
best, and he was an early critic
of protective tariffs and monopolies.
Francis Bacon-leading supporter of scientific research in
England. He proposed a
scientific method through inductive empiical
experimantaion. He believed that
experiments should be carefully recorded so that results
were both reliable and repeatable.
he advocated the open world of the scientist over the
secret world of the magician. In his
numerous writings, he stressed the practical impact of
scientific duscivery and even wrote
a utopian work in which science appeared as the savior of
humanity. Although he was not
himself a scientific investigator, Bacon used his
considerable influence to support scientific
projects in England.
Versailles-the greatest palace of the greatest king of the
greatest state in 17th century
Europe. It was a reflection of Louis XIV and of France.
Van Eyck-not found
Michelangelo-Renaissance paiter and sculptor; was
responsible for such great works as the
ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and “David,” a sculpture.
Shakespeare-famous playwriter of the medieval period; his
works inclueded “Macbeth”
and “Hamlet.” Providing entertainment for all and expressed
his views through his plays of
certain situations.
Johann Tetzet-he sold indulgences which inspired Martin
Luther’s 95 theses. Tetzel
answered with 122 of his own but was rebuked and disowned
by the Catholics.
95 Thesis – These were posted by Martin Luther, professor
of theology at Wittenberg
University, on the castle church attacking the sale of
indulgences.
Anglican – the official Protestant Christian religion of
the English state
Humanism – Renaissance intellectualism and celebration of
the human as an individual
Galileo Galilei – Italian astronomer; most famous scientist
of the European new scientific
revolution; credited for telescope and helocentrism (Sun is
central, Earth around Sun) for
which he was placed under house arrest by Church for most
of his life
Huguenots – followers of Calvinsism in Western Europe
Laissez-faire – “self-govern,” the theory of John Locke
that people should govern
themselves and hold the sovereignty
Voltaire – French intellectual; wrote Philosophical Letters
Concerning the English Nation
after visiting England for two years in which he explains
the greatness of religious
tolerance as practiced in England, the theory for which he
is known
Charles I – This ruler of Spain was also Charles V, Holy
Roman Emperor; as a Holy
Roman Emperor, he made peace with Protestants unlike with
Spain
Protestant – Religion based on the original (now known as
Catholic) principles but
changed to form new Christian religion (Protest-ant)
The Prince – Machiavelli wrote this explaining how “men
must either be pampered or
crushed;” most important and contraversal writing of
Renaissance; begins science of
politics
Luther:
-entered Augustinian monastery and ordained priest in 1507
-received doctorate and appointed to theology faculty in
1512
-opposed the sale of indulgences
-wrote doctrine of salvation by faith(sola-fida)
-wrote 95 Thesis (things wrong with Catholic Church)
-excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1521
-his religion, Lutheranism challenged Catholic Church
Balance of Power: distribution of power in which no single
nation is able to dominate.
Kepler:
-German astronomer and natural philosopher
-noted for verifying the three laws of planetary motion
(known as Keplers Laws)
-published Cosmographic Mystery in 1596
-Also published Epitome of Copernican Astronomy (book of
Keplers discoveries)
Henry IV:
-King of England (1399-1413)
-Leader of party that opposed King Richard II
-was exiled for six years by King Richard II because of
arguement with Thomas
Mowbray
-raised army, invaded England and captured Richard
-elected king by parliament
-Scot tryed attaching English but were defeated
Fronde:
-series of revolts against french monarchy between 1648-1653
-Louis XIV was king
-parliament and citizens were against the kings heavy
taxation policies
Montesquieu:
-french writer and jurist
-wrote Persian Letters
-it satirized contemporary french politics, social
conditions and eccesiastical matters and
literature
-book was very popular and one of enlightenments earliest
works
William and Mary:
-William revived the Grand Alliance and initiated a massive
land war against France and
Spain
-Mary restored catholism in England
Heliocentric:
-atronomical theory thata the sun is the center of the
solar system
-first postulated by polish astronomer Nicolas Copernicas
Index:
-catalog of forrbidden books
-published by Roman Catholic Church
-if u were to read, sell or transmit any literature w/out
permission u would be
excommunicated
I couldn’t find the word “raison d’ etat”
John Calvin-Founder of Calvinism which is a religion that
was independant of the state,
self governing, and therefore was able to flourish in time
of crisis. Calvinisim emphasized
the beliefs of predestination.
Devine Right Theory-Theory that a King has the right to
rule as stated to him by God.
Isaac Newton-Greatest of all english scientists,
mathematician. Studied physics and
astronomy. Discovered Gravity
Sun King-Louis XIV, Richelou’s successor and Cheif
Administrator
30 Yrs. War-War lasting 30 years, involving the Bohemian
stage, Danish stage, Swedish
phase, and the Frech and Swedish phase. The war ended with
the Peace of Westphalia.
John Locke-Theorist of the Revolution of 1688, Developed
contract theory of Gov’t,
Designed to maintain person’s natural rights of life,
liberty, and property
James II-King of England, Attempted to use his power of
appointment to foil constraints
that Parliament imposed upon him.
Geocentric Theory-The Earth is the center of the Universe
and everything revolves around
it.
Counter Reformation-Rebut taking place after reformation,
Aggressive Catholic response
that was determined to meet Protestantism head on and repel
it. Militant Church
1. Rabelais: I have no idea…couldn’t find em and I
don’t have any idea what he or it has
to do with.
2. Indulgences: (Page 393) A portion of the treasury of
good works performed by the
righteous Christians throughout the ages; granted to those
who desired to atone for their
sins. * Major factor in the reformation. Most of Luther’s
95 Theses attacked the church
and the sale of such Indulgences.
3. Philosophes: (Page 578) (No direct definition) “A
monster in society who feels under
no obligation towards it manners and morals, its
proprieties, its politics, or it’s religion.
One may expect anything from men of their ilk.”
Philosophes saw law (concepts), and
applied the laws to people -> natural rights. They
believed that nature was not in dispute.
4. Peace of Lodi: (Page 344) (1454-Italian Renaissance)
The Five powers (Naples, the
Papal States, Florence, Milan, and Venice) established the
peace. It created 2 balanced
alliances: Florence and Milan, Venice and Naples. The
pledged mutual nonaggression.
The Peace lasted 40 years.
5. Leviathan: (Page 504) Thomas Hobbes greatest work. In
the literature, Hobbes
argues that before civil society had been formed, humans
lived in a savage state of nature.
No morality or law. People then came together to form
government for one purpose:
self-preservation. Hobbes believed that without
government, they were determined to live
a life that was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.”
6. Renaissance: (begins on page 322) (1350-1550)
Literally: Rebirth. An era of rapid
transitions. Had three distinct phases: 1: (1350-1400)
Declining population, uncovering
of classical texts and experimentation in a variety of art
2: (1400-1500) Cultural valves
and artistic and literary achievements. City states were
able to form government, slow end
to warfare. 3: (1500-1550) The spreading of ideas
throughout Europe.
7. Machiavelli: (Page 337) Founder of the “Science of
Politics”. Famous for his
controversial work The Prince. This book was to serve as a
handbook for anyone who
wanted to establish a lasting government. It attempts to
set down principles and examples
on how to maintain power. The book was very important as
well as very controversial
during the Renaissance.
8. Hume, David: (Page 581) Scotish Athiest who wrote A
treatise of Human Nature and
An enquiery Concerning Human Understanding. Argued that
nothing could be proved to
exist with any certainty; only perceptions existed. If
their was no certainty, then the
revealed truths of Christian religion could have no basis.
Therefore, no G-d.
9. Puritans: (Page 499, 502) Led by Oliver Cromwell
after the beheading of Charles I.
Believeded in a large measure of religious toleration for
Christians.
10. Mercantilism: (Page 534) A set of assumptions about
ecomomic activity that were
commonly held throughout Europe and that guided the
policies of almost every
govermnent. 2 interrelated ideas: One: wealth of a
nation resided in its stock of precious
metal Two: Ecomonmic activity was a zero-sum game. There
was a fixed mount of
money, number of commodities and amount of conumption.
What one country gained,
another lost.
salons French visiting areas or inns where many
Enlightenment thinkers spread there Ideas
of change to the common man.
salvation by faith this is an idea that Martin Luther
thought of; that you don’t go to
heaven because you were good, but you go to heaven because
of the amount of faith that
you have to god.
nationalism the idea of loving your country or having
extreme pride in one’s country.
copernicus a polish scientist who thought of the idea of
heliocentrism…the sun in the
center of the universe.
louis 14 called the Sun King. Was the High Point in
French Absolutism. Created the
palace Versailles, and started spending a lot of money
which later led to the French
Revolution.
hobbes was an English philosopher who thought that
revolution was not justified unless
the government was not protecting the people from any
physical danger. he did not
believe in private property like Locke did.
glorious revolution was the “revolution”( it wasn’t a
war, not shots were fired, just a term
given to a period) which replaced James II and the Stuart
Monarchy with William and
Mary.
Glorious Revolution also brought about the English Bill of
Rights.
charles 2 was the son of the English King Charles I who
was beheaded. Charles II took
the throne after the Cromwellian Revolution.
council of trent was the Catholic Council which tried to
make reforms to the Catholic
Church after the reformation.
the courtier was an informant to the King. usually of
France. Some examples are
Mazarin, and Richelu.
In Praise of Folly-a satirical book written by Erasmus
(below), information came from
conversations with Thomas More, praised the foolish
comments and declared wise
comments to be wrong
Erasmus-first worked on Latin translations but then
realized the importance of recovering
Greek texts so he dedicated his time to translating Greek
texts. Most of his books were
‘how-to books’. Expanded Christianity to people lower in
the social order
Simony-the buying or selling of church offices
Enlightenment-a period of time when people started to
question traditions, customs, and
standards and started relying on logic and reason, some
main people of the time were:
Diderot, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rene Descartes, Locke,
Hobbes
Inquisition- couldn’t find this one
Richelieu-advisor of Louis XIV’s main advisor, taught Louis
to rule as an absolute
monarch more or less the leader of France because Louis was
so young, he just told him
what to do, led France through many years of war, raised
taxes, but made France very
powerful
Castiglione-Italian author of The Courtier (an etiquette
book telling how to become and
‘ideal state servant’
Secularism-not relating to the church (religion)
Descartes-French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist,
shared many of the same
opinions and mathematical proofs as Galileo, invented
analytic geometry, made
contributions to the science of optics and physics
Oliver Cromwell- the most important leader of the English
Revolution, one of the
principal commanders of the rebel army that defeated the
forces of King Charles I, he
played a leading role in the king’s subsequent trial and
execution named himself Lord
Protector, his primary concerns were to provide a stable
government and to give
toleration to all the Puritan sects
Florence- An Italian city, which was based upon the
foundations of money and wool. The
Medici family, wealthiest family in Florence, often ruled
Florence. Florence was the
center of Renaissance culture, and the wealthiest cities,
until the plague occurred.
Balance of trade- the difference in value between imports
and exports, said to be favorable
to a county when exports are greater.
Treaty of Versailles- Peace treaty between the Allies and
Germany in 1919. It put
limitations on the German army, and the land run and owned
by Germany. The harsh
punishments set upon Germany were not strong enough to
prevent them from striking
again 20 years later.
Treaty of Westphalia- Treaty ending the thirty years war in
1648. Series of agreements
that established the outlines of political geography of
Europe.
Gutenberg (1400-68)- German printer who was the first to
print with movable type.
Printed the Bible, was first book printed with movable type
in Mainz Germany.
The City Of God- written by Augustine, it was a defense of
Christianity from the charge
that the disaster resulted from Rome abandoning its
traditional gods. Became a inquiry
into the nature of human society.
Rousseau- A French philosopher and social reformer who
published several books,
especially The Social Contract. He was part of the
Enlightenment.
Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)- Spanish ecclesiastic; founder
of the Society of Jesus.
Loyola’s society became Jesuits who were soldiers of God.
James I- succeeded his cousin Elizabeth I, he was not a
lovable monarch but he was
generous. He was not liked cause he succeeded a legend and
he was Scottish. Was King
of England and Ireland from 1603-1625.
????–> need help for this one Cervantes- Spanish novelist.
(1547-1616)
Florence- An Italian city, which was based upon the
foundations of money and wool. The
Medici family, wealthiest family in Florence, often ruled
Florence. Florence was the
center of Renaissance culture, and the wealthiest cities,
until the plague occurred.
Balance of trade- the difference in value between imports
and exports, said to be favorable
to a county when exports are greater.
Treaty of Versailles- Peace treaty between the Allies and
Germany in 1919. It put
limitations on the German army, and the land run and owned
by Germany. The harsh
punishments set upon Germany were not strong enough to
prevent them from striking
again 20 years later.
Treaty of Westphalia- Treaty ending the thirty years war in
1648. Series of agreements
that established the outlines of political geography of
Europe.
Gutenberg (1400-68)- German printer who was the first to
print with movable type.
Printed the Bible, was first book printed with movable type
in Mainz Germany.
The City Of God- written by Augustine, it was a defense of
Christianity from the charge
that the disaster resulted from Rome abandoning its
traditional gods. Became a inquiry
into the nature of human society.
Rousseau- A French philosopher and social reformer who
published several books,
especially The Social Contract. He was part of the
Enlightenment.
Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)- Spanish ecclesiastic; founder
of the Society of Jesus.
Loyola’s society became Jesuits who were soldiers of God.
James I- succeeded his cousin Elizabeth I, he was not a
lovable monarch but he was
generous. He was not liked cause he succeeded a legend and
he was Scottish. Was King
of England and Ireland from 1603-1625.
secularism the idea that there is a separation of Church
and of nature. The movement
away the church and more toward science and technology for
ideas on man and nature.
Descartes French philosopher, mathematician, and
scientist, transferred European Ideas
from that of the Medieval Ages to those of more modern
characteristics.
Oliver Crumble was the English Lord Protector during the
Cromwellian Revolution
between the reigns of Charles I and Charles II. He set up
a Protestant Commonwealth,
which the people of England objected to. His reign did not
last long, and soon the people
forced the government to change back to the Absolute
Monarchy.
Black Death- time between 1347 and 1352 when 1/2 to 1/3 of
Europe’s population died
from a combination of bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic
plague–the disease was carried
by fleas who bit into infected rats and came to Italy from
Asia on a merchant vessel.
Natural Rights- rights that every human is entitled to such
as the right to breath
Catherine the Great- ruled from 1762-1796–her policies
were complex and were
influenced by the French ideas of social justice and
nobility of the human race but were
also influenced by the traditional Russian ideals of an
absolute rule–the most important
event of her reign was the establishment of a legislative
commission to review the laws of
Russia
The Social Contract- one of the most important works of
social theory and was written
by enlightenment philosphe, Rousseau
Diderot- editor of “The Encyclopedia,” which was one of the
greatest achievements of the
time–it attempted to summarize all acquired knowledge know
at the time
Versalius- a great palace in France for King Louis XIV–
palace had huge gardens,
fountains and life size statues
da Vinci- one of the famous painters of the Renaissance
whose achievements also included
scientific and technical endeavors–his most famous
paintings were “The Last Supper” and
“The Mona Lisa”
“Eternal City”- i need help with this one
Peter Breugel- a painter form Belgium who painted themes of
country landscape and
peasant life
Habsburg- allies of the Luxenbourgs and begun as a minor
comitial family in the region of
the Black forest–they aquired territory from the east and
when Rudolf I of Habsburg was
elected emperor he was later dismissed as “poor”
Spanish Armada- comprised of over 130 ships, pride of the
Spanish Armada
and Portuguese navies. These ships were bigger and
stronger than anything
owned by the English. However, the English ships were
faster and more
manuevarable. With these advantages, the English prevented
the Spanish from
reaching the ports in the Netherlands and destroying
individual ships.
Hohenzollern- name of a European dynasty whose ruling line
became electors
of Brandenburg, Kings of Prussia, and emperors of Germany.
Deist- believed in the existence of God on rational
grounds only. Believed
that nature conformed to its own materialistic laws and
operated without
divine intervention. The opposed the ritual forms of both
Catholic and
Protestant worship and the role of the Church in education.
Low Countries – region in northwest Europe lying on the
coast of the North
Sea between France and Germany. Netherlands, Belgium, and
Luxembourg.
Albrecht Durer- German artist; marveled at the subtle
ingenuity of the men
in those distant lands after viewing a display of Aztec
art.
Physiocrats- group of French thinkers; thought that land
was wealth and
argued that agricultural activity should take first
priority in state
reforms. They also came to believe that the gov t should
cease to intervene
with private economic activity. Laissez faire, laissez
passer. ( Let it
be, Let it go. )
Encyclopedia- edited by Dierot, 35 volumes; attempted to
summarize all
acquired knowledge and to dispose of all imposed
superstitions.
Candide- written by Voltaire; philosophical novel that
recounts the
adventures and misfortunes of Candide, and satirizing
optimism by his tutor
Pangloss
Alexander the Great- King of Macedonia; conquered Persian
empire and
annexed it into Macedonia; conquered almost all the then
known world and
gave new direction to history.
Enlightened despot- a king that believes in the ideas of
the Enlightenment
The Divine Comedy- written by Dante; view of the whole
Christian universe;
Dante s personal summary of all that is good and bad in
medieval culture and
politics.