Medical Article Essay, Research Paper
December 21, 1999
The Hope, and Hype, of Cord Blood
By DENISE GRADY
Should parents pay a blood bank to store the blood from their newborn baby’s umbilical
cord and placenta, in case that child or another family member ever needs it to treat cancer
or leukemia?
Expectant parents are being urged to do so by companies that have sprung up during the
past few years to sell cord-blood banking as a form of “biological insurance” against such
dreaded diseases. The pitch is based on reports in medical journals, such as a major study
published last week in the New England Journal of Medicine, showing that cord blood can
sometimes be used in place of a bone marrow transplant.
Like bone marrow, cord blood is rich in stem cells, which can churn out many different
types of cells to rebuild a patient’s blood supply and immune system after high doses of
radiation and chemotherapy. And a patient’s own cord blood, or that from a relative, is
more likely than cord blood from an unrelated donor to be a good tissue match and to be
accepted by the recipient’s body.
Some experts in bone-marrow transplantation and blood banking frown on the cord-blood
business, arguing that people are being frightened into wasting money on a service they
will probably never need. Moreover, private companies are growing in tandem with public
banks, and some scientists worry that private banking will limit public access to cord
blood. They are concerned because the cord blood in private banks remains the property
of the donor family and is not available to patients seeking a compatible donor.
But the companies say that however remote the possibility that the blood will be needed,
people who choose to bank their own cord blood have a right to do so. In most cases their
cord blood would be thrown away in the delivery room if they did not pay to bank it.
There are only a few cord-blood banks in the United States, and most hospitals do not
have specially trained staff members to collect the blood.
Like bone marrow, cord blood must be matched to the recipient by tests for six inherited
traits that determine an individual’s tissue type. Cord blood does not have to be as
precisely matched as bone marrow, but still, the closer the match, the better the odds of
success. The weaker the match, the more likely it is that the recipient’s body will reject the
transplant, or the transplant will attack the recipient’s tissues, in a life-threatening reaction
called graft versus host disease.
The companies that freeze cord blood and bank it point out that a person’s own cord
blood is a perfect match, and a sibling’s cord blood a more likely match than a specimen
from a stranger. And so, the argument goes, the best way to protect an entire family from
the unthinkable is to save the newborns’ cord blood.
Promotional literature for one company, Cord Blood Registry, in San Bruno, Calif.,
emphasizes that people with cancer in the family may have a special interest in cord-blood
banking, along with those who have the hardest time finding matches, which includes
members of racial minorities, especially families in which the parents are of different races.
According to a spokeswoman, Scoti Kaesshaefer, the company reaches parents-to-be by
promoting itself to doctors, nurses and childbirth educators, and by leaving information at
hospitals. Among the promotional materials the company provided to the New York
Times were copies of articles from other newspapers suggesting that cancer among
children is on the rise. The company also has a Web site and an 800 number with a
recorded greeting that instructs callers to have their credit cards ready.
The idea of saving one’s own cord blood seems to be catching on. Cord Blood Registry,
which describes itself as the largest private cord-blood banking firm in the United States,
has stored 10,000 samples during the past three years: 1,500 in 1995, 3,000 in 1996 and
6,000 in 1997. The company charges an initial fee of $1,200 to collect a sample and freeze
it, and then $95 a year to keep it stored in liquid nitrogen at the blood bank at the
University of Arizona. Customers include people with perfectly healthy children, who just
want extra peace of mind, as well as some families who have lost a child to leukemia or
another disease and fear for the health of their other children.
In its three years of operation, eight customers have retrieved their cord blood for use in
medical treatment, said Kaesshaefer. All eight samples were used for siblings or relatives,
she said. By contrast, the largest public-access bank of cord blood, at the New York
Blood Center in Manhattan, has collected only 8,686 specimens in six years. But nearly
800 of those samples have been used to treat patients, many of them children, in the
United States and overseas.
Critics of private cord-blood companies point out that even if a person with banked cord
blood does need a transplant later, the stored blood may not be the best choice. Dr. Pablo
Rubinstein, who directs the cord-blood program at the New York Blood Center, said
there was a compelling medical argument against using a patient’s own cord blood in some
cases. In some young children with leukemia, he said, malignant cells were already present
at birth in the cord blood, and transfusing those cells back into the child later might
contribute to a relapse. In addition, he said, bone marrow from a donor could help destroy
diseased cells, an effect known as graft versus leukemia. A person’s own cord blood might
not have that effect, and in some cases even a sibling’s might not.
Dr. John Wagner, associate director of bone marrow transplantation at the University of
Minnesota in Minneapolis, said that for a child being treated recently, he deliberately
rejected cord blood from a sibling in favor of a well-matched unit from an unrelated
donor, hoping to take advantage of its antileukemic effect.
Dr. Robertson Parkman, director of bone marrow transplantation at Children’s Hospital in
Los Angeles, said he saw no point in banking cord blood for most families. “It’s motivated
by fear,” he said.
But in families with an ill child who might need a bone-marrow transplant, he said, it
makes sense to collect cord blood from any siblings born later and save it. Medical centers
with transplant programs will often perform that service, he said.
So will some of the private companies, without a fee. When a bone-marrow donor could
not be found for 4-year-old Joshua Kelton, who was suffering from leukemia, his parents,
stationed at a military base in Honolulu, conceived another child in the hope that the
baby’s tissues would match Joshua’s. They did, and Cord Blood Registry collected the
cord blood at birth, stored it in Arizona for a month, and then, when Joshua was ready for
the procedure, transported it to a medical center at Stanford University. Joshua was
treated with his infant brother’s cord blood in August, and has been declared free of
leukemia.
“Right now, he’s 100 percent,” his father said in a telephone interview, “a normal child, the
way he was before this happened.”
But the Keltons’ experience is hardly representative. That the family was certain it would
need the cord blood sets it apart from most families that store the blood. Wagner is wary
of the hard sell of some of the cord-blood companies. “My concern is that it be presented
fairly to expectant mothers, who are already fairly vulnerable,” he said. “I have a lot of
obstetricians and parents calling me and complaining it’s too late, they missed the
opportunity. Others call saying, ‘Should I do this?’ It’s hard to answer. I don’t want to bias
them. We have someone now who takes the calls for me because it got to be
overwhelming.”