Knowen And Unknown

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Knowen And Unknown Essay, Research Paper

Psychology is defined as The science of the human soul; specifically, the systematic or scientific knowledge of the powers and functions of the human soul, so far as they are known by consciousness; a treatise on the human soul. Psychology, the science conversant about the phenomena of the mind, or conscious subject, or self. Sir W. HamiltonIn other words it is a scientific study of behavior and the way people think. It studies how humans and animals imagine, learn, sense and know. Subdivisions of psychology are divide into areas of practice. For example, there is a form of psychology that is often used in personnel offices, which involves assessing employees, and preserving good employee relationships. This is accordingly named industry psychology. Another form of psychology is social psychology. This form studies how people work, behave and their influences while in-groups. Clinical psychology helps people who may have problems in everyday life and/or who have mentally illnesses. Physiological psychology is the study of thoughts and behavior in the sense of neurology. Comparative psychology is the study of comparing thoughts and actions of humans with those of other species. Abnormal psychology is the study of abnormal thoughts and actions. If I was to list all of the subdivisions of this science I think that I would be here all day, so I have decided to stop there. Although the reader should know that there are more subdivisions than this. I have chosen to define in detail two of the major subdivisions of psychology. The first is cognitive psychology, which is the study of the way humans think, form concepts, and solve problems. This form of psychology is mostly studied with verbal materials or with work that requires motor skills. Some examples of this could be learning to play an instrument or learning to walk. This study also highlights the rapid learning and forgetting stretch. This shows large gains of knowledge at first that eventually slow down. In the case of forgetting, it shows large losses of memory immediately after learning at first and then smaller losses. The research done in this area puts emphasis on the roles of attention, memory, perception, pattern recognition, and language use in the process of learning. A lot of the discoveries made here are used in therapeutic use. There are other mental processes that are much harder to study, such as concept formation and problem solving. This field of study has been greatly influenced by the world of computers. The most favored way of going about studying these is through an information processing approach. This involves looking at how information is encoded into that that the brain can understand, transformed, stored, retrieved, and transmitted by human beings. This method looks at humans as if they were computers. We see how computers influence this field by the use of terms like short-term memory and long-term memory because these terms are also used in computer terminology. The next subdivision I wish to discuss is abnormal psychology. This is probably one of the most known subdivisions of psychology because it is the one most people associate the word psychology with. Many people can relate to the histories and symptoms of patients with abnormal psychological behavior because the abnormal is a twisting or enlargement of the average person. For example, it is normal for most people to have fears but to be afraid of everything all the time is abnormal. Abnormal behaviors range from the simple, (thumb sucking, nail biting), to the obsessive (alcohol, gambling.) Most of the research energy placed in this field is placed in finding out the results of the causes and effects of such behavior but the cognitive conditions can also be examined. The ways of classifying abnormal behavior is constantly changing as more information is acquired and as customs change. The following classification draws from the commonly accepted terms of the past but groups them in terms of current practice. The three major groups of disorders are psychotic disorders, or psychoses, which involve a loss of contact with reality (schizophrenia, manic-depression, and organic psychoses); nonpsychotic disorders, or neuroses, which do not usually involve a break with reality but make life painful, unhappy, or ineffective (such as anxiety disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and hysteria, as well as amnesia and multiple personality); and personality disorders, which include the antisocial personalities known as psychopaths or sociopaths, among other exaggerated or deviant behaviors. Abnormal psychology also tests the capability of various treatments. There are lots of different theories of abnormality and treatment. These advances involve the psychoanalytic, neo-Freudian, Gestalt, cognitive behavior therapy, humanistic psychology, and transactional analysis. There are various different tests, methods and measurement devices used in psychology. Its methods vary as much as the behavior problems it encounters. Psychologist can not measure intelligence but rather the ability to do well in school. These tests are good when the tester is trying to classify students, predicting success in school or assigning people to different training programs. These tests can be modified to predict success in various occupations and also to assess approximately how much knowledge people actually have about different specialties. There are literally thousands of tests devised to measure different human traits.

The main problem in creating a test in psychology is finding a standard to which a result can be compared or related. Another problem, which arises in personality testing, is being able to make or find a test that involves all the characteristics involved in a personality. The majority of tests only relate indirectly to the aspect of personality that is being questioned. An integral part of most psychological procedures is statistics. Refined statistical models have been used for testing. (Under most successful testing you will find technology.) Modern psychology is loyal to gathering facts and neatly organizing them into psychological hypotheses. These hypotheses aid in trying to understand and even in explaining people s behavior and sometimes helping in foreseeing and influencing their behavior in the future. Another method it uses is questionnaires. In this method it is necessary to state questions clearly in order to get accurate results. The questions must also be composed so that the subject will not loss interest and start answering in a routine way or try to answer expectedly. In other words answer in a way that they believe in socially acceptable. In psychology, like science, experimentation is an ideal method. These are done the same way that any experiment in science is done. Although while doing these experiments the consideration of personal faults must be taken into consideration. Testing is maybe the most widely practiced method in psychology. These are used to evaluate intelligence, aptitude, achievement, interests, and personality. The results are compared to a norm group so that they can be scaled and put into according categories. Why do we dream, is a question that is asked a lot these days because of the search for the inner self. There are different types of dreams. There is lucid dreaming which is when you dream while you know that you are dreaming and there is dream control. Some may say that out-of-body experiences are also a form of dreaming. There is proof that lucid dreaming occurs because people have experienced it and people can be taught to lucid dream as well. Although people can be taught to do this it does take skill and practice. It can be compared with learning a new language. Lucidity usually begins in the middle of a dream when the subject recognizes that the experience is not occurring in physical reality. Often this is realized when they notice some impossible or unlikely circumstance in the dream, such as flying. Sometimes people become lucid without noticing any particular unlikely circumstance in the dream. They just simply realize that they are dreaming. Although this is interesting, I would be afraid to mix reality and this lucid dream state up. Perhaps that is why it has not been looked further into. Dream control is self-explanatory. To indulge in dream control you have to be able to control your dreams. If you can do this than you can choose exactly how much control you want to exert. Some people may even choose to let the dream flow as it was previous to the acquired knowledge of the dream state. On the other hand the dreamers may want to change everything in the dream, from themselves to the setting. The dreamer can not perform “magic” while dreaming, like changing one object into another or transforming scenes. A dreamer’s capability to master this depends a lot on the dreamer’s confidence. I believe that this does in fact exist because I have experienced it myself. Therefore, I do not believe that there is proof against it. People believe that lucid dreaming is a stepping stone to out-of-body experience occurrences. On the on set of lucid dreaming many dreamers have related the feeling of leaving the body. Some may say that everybody leaves the body during sleep but that not everybody remembers. My information source claims that if you have ever felt like you were falling while sleeping and awakened with a jerk sensation, ever found yourself unable to move while you were falling asleep or waking up, ever “awakened” to find yourself floating above your body, or ever felt yourself awake outside of your physical body then you may have had an out-of body experience. I could not find any evidence to disprove this phenomena and an abundance that claim prove it. While doing this research I found out how many out-of-body experiences enthuses there are. I have not personally experienced this so I can not speak from experience but I have a hard time grasping the concept of my body being in two places at the same time. Also, to believe in this you have to believe in souls or spiritual limbs in able to believe that it can detach itself from the dreamer. Bibliography Microsoft Encarta 97 Encyclopedia. 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.Compton’s Interactive Encyclopedia. Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 The Learning Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved http://www.lucidity.com/ http://www.iipc.org/

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