Comparison Of Piaget And Freud Essay, Research Paper
“A Comparison of Piaget, Freud, and Erikson” by Randy Hartenstine Psychology 1513-51 Extra Credit Paper April 8,
1999 Hartenstine 1 The field of psychology has grown to be respected as a science. Objectivity and the scientific
method are both part of the psychologist’s mode of operation. However, even the greatest of psychologists can only
theorize about what makes human beings act the way they do. Absolutes are not part of psychology. Everything is
relative and open to speculation. Theorists give us their views or ideas about life. In the field of psychology, there have
been many different areas of interest. Human development is one of the most popular areas of interest for those who
study psychology. Freud, Erikson, and Piaget are all great theorists with different ideas concerning human development.
Each theorist developed ideas and stages for human development. Their theories on human development had human
beings passing through different stages. Each theory differed on what these stages were. These theories also differed
with their respect towards paradigmatic assumptions, learning and development, and relationship towards educational
practice. Freud is known as the father of psychology. Although some of his work has been dismissed, most of it still
holds weight in the world of psychology today. Freud believed that inner forces fueled human development. He believed
the most powerful of all inner forces was our sexual being. Freud linked everything with sex. This includes any bodily
pleasure whatsoever. Thus, when Freud discusses the sexual needs of children, they are not the Hartenstine 2 same
kind of sexual needs that an adult would experience. Children experienced sexual gratification in different ways. Sucking
their thumbs or retaining their excrement could be seen as sexual gratification for small children. Freud also specified
certain areas of our body as erogenous zones. Those areas included the mouth and genitals. This all fit in to Freud’s
obsession with sex. An obsession that could be linked to the era that Freud lived in. It was a very conservative period in
history. Sexual feelings were often repressed. Freud’s theory on human development could be labeled the psychosexual
stages of development. Freud believed human beings passed through different stages in their life based on which part of
their body gratified them. Freud’s psychosexual stages of development are five in total. The Oral stage takes place from
birth to about one year. During this stage, a child is orally oriented. The mouth is the child’s erogenous zone. Everything
a child touches is put in his mouth. Freud believes children do this because it gives them pleasure. When a child sucks
his thumb, it does so because it gratifies them. According to Freud, the gratification is sexual. The second stage in
Freud’s psychosexual development theory takes place between the ages of two and three years of age. The erogenous
zone shifts location, thus moving from one stage to another. The second erogenous zone in Freud’s stages of human
development is the anal region. Freud believes children Hartenstine 3 experience sexual gratification during bowel
movements and when they withhold bowel movements. Some children may even experience pleasure handling, looking
at, or thinking about their own feces. Once the Anal stage of development has been completed, the next stage of
development for Freud is the Phallic Stage. This usually occurs at about three years of age. The shift in erogenous
zones moves from the anal region to the genital organs. This stage is also known as the Oedipal Stage of psychosexual
development. This name comes from the legendary king, Oedipus, who killed his father and married his mother. During
this stage, children take interest in their sexual organs. Soon they notice differences and similarities between
themselves and their parents. Each sex wants to be with the parent of the other sex, for girls this is referred to as the
elektra complex. Once the children realize they can not be with their mother or father, they identify with the parent of
the same sex. The next stage is called the stage of Latency. A lack of change or absence of erogenous zones
characterizes this stage. After the realization that the child can not be with a parent sexually, the child shifts its
attention to same-sexed relationships. Boys will shift their sexual urges and drives to something acceptable, such as
sports. This is a time of relative calm. The last stage of Freud’s psychosexual development is the Genital Stage. The
erogenous zone returns in a very powerful Hartenstine 4 way in the genital organs. This stage takes place from puberty
into adulthood. True sexual desire and sexual relationships mark this stage. Erikson took Freud’s ideas and enhanced
them. He added stages for the adult years. He also shifted his attention to identity rather than sexuality. Erikson
developed the psychosocial stages of development. He is known for his eight stages of life. Erikson’s first stage is during
infancy. It deals with trust versus mistrust. The child develops an outlook on life and whether the world can be trusted
or not. The child develops trust if the parents give the child something it can rely on. According to Erikson, the child
develops a sense of optimism or pessimism during this stage. The next stage in Erikson’s psychosocial development is
during early childhood and is known as autonomy versus shame and doubt. The child becomes autonomous and realizes
he can say yes or no. This stage will determine whether a child develops a sense of self-certainty. Erikson’s next stage
takes place during the ages of three to six years. This stage is marked by initiative versus guilt. This stage is important
in developing the child’s sense of enterprise. The child develops initiative when trying out new things and is not scared
of failing. The fourth stage of Erikson’s developmental theory takes place at about six years of age and lasts till puberty.
This stage deals with industry Hartenstine 5 versus inferiority. The child learns skills of the culture and must deal with
feelings of inferiority. Adolescence brings about the next stage for Erikson. This stage is known for identity versus
identity confusion. During this stage, Erikson believes adolescents must develop a sense of self-awareness or knowing
who they are. They develop a sense of identity. The sixth stage for Erikson is known for intimacy versus isolation. This
stage takes place during young adulthood. The person seeks commitments from others. If he is unsuccessful, he may
take on isolation. Erikson believes this stage is important in learning love. The seventh stage for Erikson takes place
during adulthood. It is marked by generativity versus stagnation. During this stage, the adult is concerned with guiding
the next generation. This stage according to Erikson gives the adult a sense of caring. Erikson’s last and eighth stage
takes place at a mature age. Old age is marked by integrity versus despair. During this time, the people may achieve a
sense of acceptance of their own life, which in turn allows for the acceptance of death. When one passes through this
last stage, Erikson believes that a person has achieved wisdom. Piaget also believed in developmental theory. Her stages
were cognitive stages. These stages were based on what the child can do. According to Piaget, a child passes through
four stages in its life. Piaget was interested in the child’s Hartenstine 6 abilities and senses, not sexual desires like
Freud was. Piaget believes the first stage of development should be a cognitive one. Her first stage is known as the
sensorimotor stage. It takes place from birth to about two years of age. During this time, a child learns motor meaning,
object permanence, and the “th” beginning of symbolic representation, also known as language. The child will change
from someone who responds only through reflexes to one who can organize his activities in relation to his environment.
It does this through sensory and motor activity. The next stage in Piaget’s cognitive development theory is the
pre-operational stage. This takes place from about two to seven years of age. During this stage, the child’s language
develops. They develop a representational system and use symbols such as words to represent people, places, and
events. From about seven to thirteen years of age, Piaget believes children enter the concrete operational stage. They
can solve problems logically. They can understand rules and form concepts. Some children become moralistic. The last
stage Piaget believes is the formal operational stage. This stage takes place from about twelve years of age through
adulthood. Once someone has reached this stage, one should be able to think abstractly, manipulate abstract concepts,
use hypothetical reasoning, and use creative language. These three theories on human development each have their
Hartenstine 7 own good and bad points. One problem all theories must deal with is paradigmatic assumptions. These are
ideas that the theorist has taken for granted as facts. An example is Freud’s notion that women suffer from a lack of
self-esteem or self worth all their lives because of penis envy. Freud’s assumption could have derived merely because
of the time when he lived, and it was a time when women were treated as second class citizens. Freud’s assumption
that sex is the driving force behind everything could also be a product of his times. Sexual feelings were often
repressed. The problem with paradigmatic assumptions is that each person grows up in a different culture and some
theories don’t apply to everyone. The problem with psychology remains that it is not an exact science. It is difficult to
develop good paradigmatic assumptions because of that. Erikson assumes a child must learn these virtues or skills in
this order. But, what if a child does not? Someone may never have a meaningful relationship, but they may develop
wisdom. This would undercut Erikson’s assumptions that everyone must pass through these stages in this order. Piaget
also has some assumptions in her theory. A person that never learns to add may be able to think hypothetically. These
mistakes only show that psychology still has its flaws. Each of these theories has some value because they are
Hartenstine 8 not totally wrong. These theories have withstood criticism and are some of the best. Each theory is
similar by time and their sequence of life events; where they differ is in their focus. Freud focuses on sex, Erikson
focuses on the self and social orientation, and Piaget focuses on the child’s abilities and senses. Each theory is also
useful when applied to its relationship to educational practices, and these different ideals guide teachers in the mystical
theories of forever trying to understand human development, the mind, and its behaviors? Hartenstine 9 Work Cited
Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Exploration and Application, 7th Edition. Minnesota: West Publishing Company,
1995. Freud, Sigmund. The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud. Brill, A. A.: Dodd, Mead and Company, Inc., July 1979.
Piaget, Jean, et al. The Psychology of The Child. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, Ltd., 1972.